Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 521-543 , October 2004

Recent advances in management of small-cell lung cancer

  • Yu Jo Chua

      Affiliations

    • Medical Oncology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, P.O. Box 11, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia
    • ,
  • Christopher Steer

      Affiliations

    • Border Medical Oncology, Albury, NSW, Australia
    • School of Rural Medicine, University of New South Wales, Albury, NSW, Australia
    • ,
  • Desmond Yip

      Affiliations

    • Medical Oncology Unit, The Canberra Hospital, P.O. Box 11, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia
    • ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61-262-442-220; fax: +61-262-444-266

References 

  1. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int. J. Cancer. 1999;80:827–841
  2. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Int. J. Cancer. 1999;83:18–29
  3. Janssen-Heijnen ML, Coebergh JW. Trends in incidence and prognosis of the histological subtypes of lung cancer in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. Lung Cancer. 2001;31:123–137
  4. Ihde DC, Pass HI, Glatstein EJ. Small cell lung cancer. In:  Rosenberg SA editors. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 4th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1993;p. 723–758
  5. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB. Effect of smoking cessation on major histologic types of lung cancer. Chest. 2001;120:1577–1583
  6. Videtic GM, Stitt LW, Dar AR, et al.  Continued cigarette smoking by patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer is associated with decreased survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003;21:1544–1549
  7. Johnston-Early A, Cohen MH, Minna JD, et al.  Smoking abstinence and small cell lung cancer survival. An association. JAMA. 1980;244:2175–2179
  8. Yip D, Harper PG. Predictive and prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer: current status. Lung Cancer. 2000;28:173–185
  9. Rawson NS, Peto J. An overview of prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer. A report from the Subcommittee for the Management of Lung Cancer of the United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Br. J. Cancer. 1990;61:597–604 published erratum appears in Br J Cancer 1990;62 (3):550
  10. Cerny T, Blair V, Anderson H, et al.  Pretreatment prognostic factors and scoring system in 407 small-cell lung cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer. 1987;39:146–149
  11. Bremnes RM, Sundstrom S, Aasebo U, et al.  The value of prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer: results from a randomised multicenter study with minimum 5 year follow-up. Lung Cancer. 2003;39:303–313
  12. Sambrook RJ, Girling DJ. A national survey of the chemotherapy regimens used to treat small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the United Kingdom. Br. J. Cancer. 2001;84:1447–1452
  13. Green R, Humphrey E, Close H, et al.  Alkylating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. Am. J. Med. 1969;46:516–525
  14. Bunn P, Cohen M, Ihde DC, et al.  Advances in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:333–342
  15. Aisner J. Extensive-disease small cell lung cancer: the thrill of victory; the agony of defeat. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996;12:658–665
  16. Pujol JL, Carestia L, Daures JP. Is there a case for cisplatin in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials of a cisplatin-containing regimen versus a regimen without this alkylating agent. Br. J. Cancer. 2000;83:8–15
  17. Mascaux C, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, et al.  A systematic review of the role of etoposide and cisplatin in the chemotherapy of small cell lung cancer with methodology assessment and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer. 2000;30:23–36
  18. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, et al.  Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:4665–4672
  19. Skarlos DV, Samantas E, Kosmidis P, et al.  Randomized comparison of etoposide-cisplatin versus etoposide-carboplatin and irradiation in small-cell lung cancer. A Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group study. Ann. Oncol. 1994;5:601–607
  20. Lassen U, Kristjansen PE, Osterlind K, et al.  Superiority of cisplatin or carboplatin in combination with teniposide and vincristine in the induction chemotherapy of small-cell lung cancer. A randomized trial with 5 years follow up. Ann. Oncol. 1996;7:365–371
  21. Wolf M, Havemann K, Drings P, et al.  Alternating chemotherapy with doxorubicin, ifosphamide, and vincristine plus cisplatin and etoposide versus doxorubicin, ifosphamide and vincristine plus carboplatin and etoposide in small cell lung cancer. In:  Bunn PA,  Canetta R,  Ozols RF, et al. editor. Carboplatin (JM8): current perspectives and future directions. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1990;p. 283–294
  22. Krug LM, Grant SC, Miller VA, et al.  Strategies to eradicate minimal residual disease in small cell lung cancer: high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and BEC2 plus BCG vaccination. Semin. Oncol. 1999;26:55–61
  23. Pujol JL, Daures JP, Riviere A, et al.  Etoposide plus cisplatin with or without the combination of 4′-epidoxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in treatment of extensive small-cell lung cancer: a French Federation of Cancer Institutes multicenter phase III randomized study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2001;93:300–308
  24. Laskin J, Sandler A, Johnson DH. An advance in small-cell lung cancer treatment–more or less. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1099–1101
  25. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Randomised trial of four-drug vs less intensive two-drug chemotherapy in the palliative treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 1996;73:406–13
  26. Thatcher N, Qian W, Girling DJ. Ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide with mid-cycle vincristine (ICE-V) versus standard chemotherapy (C) in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and good performance (PS): Results of an MRC randomized trial (LU21). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:619a
  27. Klasa RJ, Murray N, Coldman AJ. Dose-intensity meta-analysis of chemotherapy regimens in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991;9:499–508
  28. Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP, et al.  Initial chemotherapeutic doses and survival in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993;329:1848–1852
  29. Murray N, Livingston R, Shepherd F, et al.  Randomized study of CODE versus alternating CAV/PE for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: An Intergroup study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Southwest Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:2300–2308
  30. Souhami RL, Rudd R, Ruiz de Elvira MC, et al.  Randomized trial comparing weekly versus 3-week chemotherapy in small- cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994;12:1806–1813
  31. Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Bureau G, et al.  Multiple-drug weekly chemotherapy versus standard combination regimen in small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized study conducted by the European Lung Cancer Working Party. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993;11:1858–1865
  32. Masutani M, Ochi Y, Kadota A, et al.  Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for patients with small cell lung cancer: randomized trial, can it improve survival of patients with good prognostic factors?. Oncol. Rep. 2000;7:305–310
  33. Woll P, Thatcher N, Lomax L, et al.  Use of Hematopoietic Progenitors in Whole Blood to Support Dose-Dense Chemotherapy: A Randomized Phase II Trial in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001;19:712–719
  34. Woll PJ, Hodgetts J, Lomax L, et al.  Can cytotoxic dose-intensity be increased by using granulocyte colony- stimulating factor? A randomized controlled trial of lenograstim in small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995;13:652–659
  35. Steward WP, von Pawel J, Gatzemeier U, et al.  Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and dose intensification of V-ICE chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: a prospective randomized study of 300 patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998;16:642–650
  36. Thatcher N, Girling DJ, Hopwood P, et al.  Improving survival without reducing quality of life in small-cell lung cancer patients by increasing the dose-intensity of chemotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support: results of a British Medical Research Council Multicenter Randomized Trial. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000;18:395–404
  37. Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Lecomte J, et al.  A three-arm phase III randomised trial assessing, in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer, accelerated chemotherapy with support of haematological growth factor or oral antibiotics. Br. J. Cancer. 2001;85:1444–1451
  38. Lorigan P, Woll P, O'Brien M, et al.  Randomised phase3 trial of dose dense ICE chemotherapy versus standard ICE in good prognosis small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:619a
  39. Pujol JL, Douillard JY, Riviere A, et al.  Dose-intensity of a four-drug chemotherapy regimen with or without recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter randomized phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997;15:2082–2089
  40. Ardizzoni A, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, et al.  Standard versus intensified chemotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support in small-cell lung cancer: a prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Lung Cancer Group Phase III Trial-08923. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:3947–3955
  41. Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A, et al.  Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study. Ann. Oncol. 2001;12:1359–1368
  42. Tjan-Heijnen VC, Caleo S, Postmus PE, et al.  Economic evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis in small-cell lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study (08923). Ann. Oncol. 2003;14:248–257
  43. Elias A. Dose-intensive therapy in small cell lung cancer. Chest. 1998;113:101S–106S
  44. Humblet Y, Symann M, Bosly A, et al.  Late intensification chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in selected small-cell carcinoma of the lung: a randomized study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987;5:1864–1873
  45. Leyvraz S, Perey L, Rosti G, et al.  Multiple courses of high-dose ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide with peripheral-blood progenitor cells and filgrastim for small-cell lung cancer: A feasibility study by the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:3531–3539
  46. Goodman GE, Crowley JJ, Blasko JC, et al.  Treatment of limited small-cell lung cancer with etoposide and cisplatin alternating with vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide versus concurrent etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide and chest radiotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1990;8:39–47
  47. Postmus PE, Scagliotti G, Groen HJ, et al.  Standard versus alternating non-cross-resistant chemotherapy in extensive small cell lung cancer: an EORTC Phase III trial. Eur. J. Cancer. 1996;32A:1498–1503
  48. Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, et al.  A randomized trial of hybrid administration of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine (CAV)/cisplatin and etoposide (PVP) versus sequential administration of CAV-PVP for the treatment of patients with small cell lung carcinoma: results of long term follow-up. Cancer. 1998;83:283–290
  49. Giaccone G, Dalesio O, McVie GJ, et al.  Maintenance chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: long-term results of a randomized trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993;11:1230–1240
  50. Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Machin D, et al.  A randomised trial of three or six courses of etoposide cyclophosphamide methotrexate and vincristine or six courses of etoposide and ifosfamide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). I: Survival and prognostic factors. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br. J. Cancer. 1993;68:1150–1156
  51. Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Machin D, et al.  A randomised trial of three or six courses of etoposide cyclophosphamide methotrexate and vincristine or six courses of etoposide and ifosfamide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). II: Quality of life. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br. J. Cancer. 1993;68:1157–1166
  52. Spiro SG, Souhami RL, Geddes DM, et al.  Duration of chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial. Br. J. Cancer. 1989;59:578–583
  53. Sculier JP, Berghmans T, Castaigne C, et al.  Maintenance chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer: a critical review of the literature. Lung Cancer. 1998;19:141–151
  54. Einhorn LH, Crawford J, Birch R, et al.  Cisplatin plus etoposide consolidation following cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine in limited small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1988;6:451–456
  55. Beith JM, Clarke SJ, Woods RL, et al.  Long-term follow-up of a randomised trial of combined chemoradiotherapy induction treatment, with and without maintenance chemotherapy in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Eur. J. Cancer. 1996;32A:438–443
  56. Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Bureau G, et al.  Randomized trial comparing induction chemotherapy versus induction chemotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. European Lung Cancer Working Party. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996;14:2337–2344
  57. Broder LE, Sridhar KS, Selawry OS, et al.  A randomized clinical trial in bronchogenic small-cell carcinoma evaluating alternating maintenance therapy of vincristine, adriamycin, procarbazine, and etoposide (VAPE) with cyclophosphamide, CCNU, and methotrexate (CCM) versus CCM maintenance alone in complete responders following VAPE induction and late intensification. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994;17:527–537
  58. Schiller JH, Adak S, Cella D, et al.  Topotecan versus observation after cisplatin plus etoposide in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: E7593–a phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001;19:2114–2122
  59. Huisman C, Postmus PE, Giaccone G, et al.  Second-line chemotherapy and its evaluation in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 1999;25:199–206
  60. Shepherd FA, Evans WK, MacCormick R, et al.  Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine in etoposide- and cisplatin-resistant small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:941–944
  61. Sculier JP, Klastersky J, Libert P, et al.  Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine with amphotericin B in sonicated liposomes as salvage therapy for small cell lung cancer[letter]. Eur. J. Cancer. 1990;26:919–921
  62. von Pawel J, Schiller JH, Shepherd FA, et al.  Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:658–667
  63. von Pawel J, Gatzemeier U, Pujol JL, et al.  Phase ii comparator study of oral versus intravenous topotecan in patients with chemosensitive small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001;19:1743–1749
  64. Eckardt JR, von Pawel J, Papai Z, et al.  A meta-analysis of efficacy data from two randomised studies on oral topotecan in patients with relapsed SCLC. Eur. J. Cancer. 2003;1:S237
  65. Eckardt JR, Von Pawel J, Hainsworth JD, et al.  Single agent oral topotecan (PO) versus intravenous topotecan (IV) in patients (pts) with chemosensitive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). An international phase III study. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:619a
  66. Dajczman E, Fu LY, Small D, et al.  Treatment of small cell lung carcinoma in the elderly. Cancer. 1996;77:2032–2038
  67. Shepherd FA, Amdemichael E, Evans WK, et al.  Treatment of small cell lung cancer in the elderly. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1994;42:64–70
  68. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Comparison of oral etoposide and standard intravenous multidrug chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: a stopped multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 1996;348:563–66
  69. Souhami RL, Spiro SG, Rudd RM, et al.  Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997;89:577–580
  70. Westeel V, Murray N, Gelmon K, et al.  New combination of the old drugs for elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study of the PAVE regimen. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998;16:1940–1947
  71. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M, et al.  Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:85–91
  72. Sandler A, Langer C, Bunn PA, et al.  Interim safety analysis of irinotecan and cisplatin combination chemotherapy for previously untreated extensive small cell lung cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:631a
  73. Yokoyama A, Kurita Y, Saijo N, et al.  Dose-finding study of irinotecan and cisplatin plus concurrent radiotherapy for unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 1998;78:257–262 see comments
  74. Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Sarma RP, et al.  Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with extensive-disease small- cell lung cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995;13:1430–1435
  75. Smit EF, Fokkema E, Biesma B, et al.  A phase II study of paclitaxel in heavily pretreated patients with small-cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 1998;77:347–351
  76. Mavroudis D, Papadakis E, Veslemes M, et al.  A multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing paclitaxel-cisplatin-etoposide versus cisplatin-etoposide as first-line treatment in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2001;12:463–470
  77. Niell HB, Herndon JE, Miller AA, et al.  Randomized phase III intergroup trial (CALGB 9732) of etoposide (VP-16) and cisplatin (DDP) with or without paclitaxel (TAX) and G-CSF in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002;21:293a
  78. Kelly K, Lovato L, Bunn PA, et al.  Cisplatin, etoposide, and paclitaxel with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in untreated patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a phase II trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:2325–2359
  79. Reck M, von Pawel J, Macha HN, et al.  Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel, etoposide, and carboplatin versus carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1118–1127
  80. Kakolyris S, Mavroudis D, Tsavaris N, et al.  Paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin as salvage treatment in refractory small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): a multicenter phase II study. Ann. Oncol. 2001;12:193–197
  81. Cormier Y, Eisenhauer E, Muldal A, et al.  Gemcitabine is an active new agent in previously untreated extensive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann. Oncol. 1994;5:283–285
  82. Van der Lee I, Postmus P, Smit E, et al.  The Activity of Gemcitabine in Patients with Resistant Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC); a Phase II Study. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 1999;18:476a
  83. Masters GA, Declerck L, Blanke C, et al.  Phase II trial of gemcitabine in refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 1597. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003;21:1550–1555
  84. Hoang T, Kim K, Jaslowski A, et al.  Phase II study of second-line gemcitabine in sensitive or refractory small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;42:97–102
  85. Skarlos DV, Dimopoulos AM, Kosmidis P, et al.  Docetaxel and gemcitabine combination, as first-line treatment, in patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer. A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Lung Cancer. 2003;41:107–111
  86. James LE, Rudd RM, Gower NH, et al.  A phase III randomised comparison of gemcitabine/carboplatin (GC) with cisplatin/etoposide (PE) in patients with poor prognosis small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002;21:293a
  87. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al.  A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;327:1618–1624
  88. Warde P, Payne D. Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited- stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. 1992;10:890–895
  89. Albain KS, Crowley JJ, LeBlanc M, Livingston RB. Determinants of improved outcome in small-cell lung cancer: an analysis of the 2,580-patient Southwest Oncology Group data base. J. Clin. Oncol. 1990;8:1563–1574
  90. Albain KS, Crowley JJ, Livingston RB. Long-term survival and toxicity in small cell lung cancer. Expanded Southwest Oncology Group experience. Chest. 1991;99:1425–1432
  91. Jacoulet P, Depierre A, Moro D, et al.  Long-term survivors of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): a French multicenter study. Groupe d'Oncologie de Langue Francaise. Ann. Oncol. 1997;8:1009–1014
  92. Perry MC, Eaton WL, Propert KJ, et al.  Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987;316:912–918
  93. Perry MC, Herndron 3rd JE, Eaton WL, et al.  Thoracic radiation therapy added to chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: an update of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8083. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998;16:2466–2467
  94. Murray N, Coy P, Pater JL, et al.  Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1993;11:336–344
  95. Work E, Nielsen OS, Bentzen SM, et al.  Randomized study of initial versus late chest irradiation combined with chemotherapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. Aarhus Lung Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997;15:3030–3037
  96. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, et al.  Initial versus delayed accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997;15:893–900
  97. Skarlos DV, Samantas E, Briassoulis E, et al.  Randomized comparison of early versus late hyperfractionated thoracic irradiation concurrently with chemotherapy in limited disease small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG). Ann. Oncol. 2001;12:1231–1238
  98. Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al.  Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:3054–3060
  99. James L, Spiro S, Rudd R, et al.  A randomised study of timing of thoracic irradiation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) – study 8. Lung Cancer. 2003;41:23
  100. Goto K, Nishiwaki Y, Takada M, et al. Final results of a phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in combination with cisplatin (P) and etoposide (E) for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC): The Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) Study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 1999. Vol. Abstract 1805
  101. Lebeau B, Urban T, Brechot JM, et al.  A randomized clinical trial comparing concurrent and alternating thoracic irradiation for patients with limited small cell lung carcinoma. “Petites Cellules” Group. Cancer. 1999;86:1480–1487
  102. Fried DB, Morris DE, Hensing TA, et al.  A meta-analysis evaluating the timing of thoracic radiation therapy in combined modality therapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2003;57:S139–S140
  103. Humblet Y, Bosquee L, Weynants P, et al.  High-dose chemo-radiotherapy cycles for LD small cell lung cancer patients using G-CSF and blood stem cells. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1996;18(Suppl 1):S36–S39
  104. van de Velde H, Bosquee L, Weynants P, et al.  Moderate dose-escalation of combination chemotherapy with concomitant thoracic radiotherapy in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: prolonged intrathoracic tumor control and high central nervous system relapse rate. Groupe d'Oncologie-Pneumologie Clinique de l'Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels and Liege, Belgium. Ann. Oncol. 1999;10:1051–1057
  105. Coy P, Hodson I, Payne DG, et al.  The effect of dose of thoracic irradiation on recurrence in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer. Initial results of a Canadian Multicenter Randomized Trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1988;14:219–226
  106. De Ruysscher D, Vansteenkiste J. Chest radiotherapy in limited-stage small cell lung cancer: facts, questions, prospects. Radiother. Oncol. 2000;55:1–9
  107. Kies MS, Mira JG, Crowley JJ, et al.  Multimodal therapy for limited small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study of induction combination chemotherapy with or without thoracic radiation in complete responders; and with wide-field versus reduced-field radiation in partial responders: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1987;5:592–600
  108. Turrisi 3rd AT, Kim K, Blum R, et al.  Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;340:265–271
  109. Bonner JA, Sloan JA, Shanahan TG, et al.  Phase III comparison of twice-daily split-course irradiation versus once-daily irradiation for patients with limited stage small-cell lung carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:2681–2691
  110. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al.  Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999;341:476–484
  111. Meert AP, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. BMC Cancer2001:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/1/5
  112. Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Riviere A, et al.  Patterns of failure after prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer: analysis of 505 randomized patients. Ann. Oncol. 2002;13:748–754
  113. Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Borie F, et al.  Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995;87:183–190
  114. Gregor A, Cull A, Stephens RJ, et al.  Prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated following complete response to induction therapy in small cell lung cancer: results of a multicentre randomised trial. United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research (UKCCCR) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Eur. J. Cancer. 1997;33:1752–1758
  115. Komaki R, Meyers CA, Shin DM, et al.  Evaluation of cognitive function in patients with limited small cell lung cancer prior to and shortly following prophylactic cranial irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1995;33:179–182
  116. Shepherd FA. Alternatives to chemotherapy and radiotherary in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2001;28:30–37
  117. Mattson K, Niiranen A, Pyrhonen S, et al.  Natural interferon alfa as maintenance therapy for small cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 1992;1387–1391
  118. Mattson K, Niiranen A, Ruotsalainen T, et al.  Interferon maintenance therapy for small cell lung cancer: improvement in long-term survival. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1997;17:103–105
  119. Kelly K, Crowley JJ, Bunn PA, et al.  Role of recombinant interferon alfa-2a maintenance in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer responding to concurrent chemoradiation: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995;13:2924–2930
  120. Ruotsalainen T, Halme M, Isokangas OP, et al.  Interferon-α and 13-cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy after high-dose combination chemotherapy with growth factor support for small cell lung cancer – a feasibility study. Anticancer Drugs. 2000;11:101–108
  121. Jett JR, Maksymiuk AW, Su JQ, et al.  Phase III trial of recombinant interferon gamma in complete responders with small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994;12:2321–2326
  122. van Zandwijk N, Groen HJ, Postmus PE, et al.  Role of recombinant interferon-gamma maintenance in responding patients with small cell lung cancer. A randomised phase III study of the EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur. J. Cancer. 1997;33:1759–1766
  123. Ruotsalainen TM, Halme M, Tamminen K, et al.  Concomitant chemotherapy and IFN-α for small cell lung cancer: a randomized multicenter phase III study. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1999;19:253–259
  124. Lee SM, James LE, Mohamed-Ali V, et al.  A phase II study of carboplatin/etoposide with thalidomide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002;21:313a
  125. Yip D, Ahmad A, Karapetis CS, et al.  Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: applications in oncology. Invest. New Drugs. 1999;17:387–399
  126. Shepherd FA, Giaccone G, Seymour L, et al.  Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of marimastat after response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer: a trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada-Clinical Trials Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:4434–4439
  127. Rigas JR, Denham CA, Rinaldi DA, et al.  Randomized placebo-controlled trials of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) BAY 12-9566 as adjuvant therapy for patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:628a
  128. Sridhar SS, Shepherd FA. Targeting angiogenesis: a review of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;42:S81–S91
  129. Shepherd FA, Sridhar SS. Angiogenesis inhibitors under study for the treatment of lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;41:S63–S72
  130. Wedge SR, Ogilvie DJ, Dukes M, et al.  ZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administration. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4645–4655
  131. Hurwitz H, Holden SN, Eckhardt SG, et al.  Clinical evaluation of ZD6474, and orally active inhibitor of VEGF signaling, in patients with solid tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002;21:82a
  132. Cancer.gov. ZD6474 in treating patients with small cell lung cancer. National Cancer Institure, Bethesda 2003 [Updated 2003 October 14;cited 2004 April 12]. Available from http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/CAN-NCIC-BR20
  133. Grant SC, Kris MG, Houghton AN, et al.  Long survival of patients with small cell lung cancer after adjuvant treatment with the anti-idiotypic antibody BEC2 plus Bacillus Calmette- Guerin. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999;5:1319–1323
  134. Cancer.gov. Phase I/II study of autologous dendritic cell-adenovirus p53 vaccine after standard chemotherapy in patients with extensive small cell lung cancer. National Cancer Institure, Bethesda 2002 [Updated 2003 December 10; cited 2004 April 12]. Available from http://www.nci.nih.gov/ClinicalTrials/view_clinicaltrials.aspx?cdrid=257814&protocolnum=&version=healthprofessionals&protocolsearchid=874676
  135. Lutzker SG, Lattime EC. Use of dendritic cells to immunize against cancers overexpressing p53. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001;7:2–4
  136. Rudin C, Kosloff M, Edelman M, et al.  Phase I study of G3139 (oblimersen sodium), carboplatin, and etoposide in previously untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003;22:631; Abstract No: 2538
  137. Rudin CM, Otterson GA, Mauer AM, et al.  A pilot trial of G3139, a bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, and paclitaxel in patients with chemorefractory small-cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2002;13:539–545
  138. Franklin WA, Veve R, Hirsch FR, et al.  Epidermal growth factor receptor family in lung cancer and premalignancy. Semin. Oncol. 2002;29:3–14
  139. Arteaga CL. Overview of epidermal growth factor receptor biology and its role as a therapeutic target in human neoplasia. Semin. Oncol. 2002;29:3–9
  140. Cerny T, Barnes DM, Hasleton P, et al.  Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human lung tumours. Br. J. Cancer. 1986;54:265–269
  141. Potti A, Willardson J, Forseen C, et al.  Predictive role of HER-2/neu overexpression and clinical features at initial presentation in patients with extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer. 2002;36:257–261
  142. Micke P, Hengstler JG, Ros R, et al.  c-erbB-2 expression in small-cell lung cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Int. J. Cancer. 2001;92:474–479
  143. Coudert B, Anthoney A, Fiedler W, et al.  Phase II trial with ISIS 5132 in patients with small-cell (SCLC) and non-small cell (NSCLC) lung cancer. A European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Early Clinical Studies Group report. Eur. J. Cancer. 2001;37:2194–2198
  144. Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. Molecular genetics in small cell lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2001;28:3–13
  145. Arteaga CL, Khuri F, Krystal G, Sebti S. Overview of rationale and clinical trials with signal transduction inhibitors in lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2002;29:15–26
  146. Micke P, Basrai M, Faldum A, et al.  Characterization of c-kit expression in small cell lung cancer: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003;9:188–194
  147. Wang WL, Healy ME, Sattler M, et al.  Growth inhibition and modulation of kinase pathways of small cell lung cancer cell lines by the novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI 571. Oncogene. 2000;19:3521–3528
  148. Johnson BE, Fischer T, Fischer B, et al.  Phase II study of imatinib in patients with small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003;9:5880–5887
  149. Sattler M, Salgia R. Molecular and cellular biology of small cell lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2003;30:57–71
  150. Carney DN. Biology of small-cell lung cancer. The Lancet. 1992;339:843–846
  151. Kaye FJ. Molecular biology of lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2001;34:S35–S41
  152. Rodriques-Salas N, Palacios J, Moreno G, et al.  Correlation of p53 oncoprotein expression with chemotherapy responde in small cell lung carcinomas. Lung Cancer. 2001;34:67–74
  153. Hege KM, Carbone DP. Lung cancer vaccines and gene therapy. Lung Cancer. 2003;41:S103–S113
  154. Murray N, Salgia R, Fossella FV. Targeted molecules in small cell lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2004;31:106–111
  155. Fossella FV, Tolcher A, Elliott M, et al.  Phase I trial of the monoclonal antibody conjugate, BB-10901, for replapsed/refractory small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and other neuroendocrine (NE) tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2002;21:309a
  156. Tolcher A, Forouzesh B, McCreery H, et al.  A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of BB10901, a maytansinoid immunoconjugate, in CD56 expressing tumors. Eur. J. Cancer. 2002;38(Suppl 7):S152
  157. Cancer.gov. Phase I/II study of BB-10901 in patients with recurrent or refractory small cell lung cancer, other pulmonary tumours of neuroendocrine origin, non-pulmonary small cell carcinoma, metastatic carcinoid tumor, or other CD56+ solid tumors. National Cancer Institure, Bethesda 2003 [Updated 2003 November 20; cited 2004 April 12]. Available from http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/BBIO-C10/IVB/001
  158. Chute JP, Venzon DJ, Hankins L, et al.  Outcome of patients with small-cell lung cancer during 20 years of clinical research at the US National Cancer Institute. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1997;72:901–912
  159. Lassen UN, Hirsch FR, Osterlind K, et al.  Outcome of combination chemotherapy in extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: any treatment related progress?. Lung Cancer. 1998;20:151–160
  160. Plunkett TA, Chrystal KF, Harper PG. Quality of life and the treatment of advanced lung cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer. 2003;5:28–32

PII: S0305-7372(04)00103-3

doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2004.06.003

Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 521-543 , October 2004

Article Tools