Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 363-370 , October 2003

Neuroendocrine tumours: clinical presentation and management of localized disease

  • Matthew H Kulke

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Matthew H. Kulke MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 0215, USA. Tel.: +617-632-5136; Fax: +617-632-5370

References 

  1. Godwin J. Carcinoid tumours: an analysis of 2837 cases. Cancer. 1975;36:560–569
  2. Modlin I, Sandor A. An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumours. Cancer. 1997;79:813–829
  3. Thorson A, et al.  Malignant carcinoid of the small intestine with metastases to the liver, valvular disease on the right side of the heart (pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation without septal defects), peripheral vasomotor symptoms, bronchoconstriction, and an unusual type of cyanosis. Am. Heart J. 1954;47:795–817
  4. Harpole D, et al.  Bronchial carcinoid tumours: a retrospective analysis of 126 patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1992;54:50–55
  5. Vadasz P, et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of bronchial carcinoid tumours: clinical and pathological review of 120 operated patients. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1993;7:8–11
  6. Warren W, et al.  Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the bronchopulmonary tract: a classification of the spectrum of carcinoid to small cell carcinoma and intervening variants. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1985;89:819–825
  7. Torre M, et al.  Typical and atypical bronchial carcinoids. Resp. Med. 1989;83:305–308
  8. Okike N, Bernatz P, Woolner L. Carcinoid tumours of the lung. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1976;22:270–277
  9. Limper A, et al.  The Cushing syndrome induced by bronchial carcinoid tumours. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992;117:209–214
  10. Rea F, et al.  Bronchial carcinoids: a review of 60 patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1989;47:412–414
  11. McCaughan B, Martini N, Bains M. Bronchial carcinoids: review of 124 cases. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1985;89:8–17
  12. Chughtai T, et al.  Bronchial carcinoid-twenty years’ experience defines a selective surgical approach. Surgery. 1997;122:801–808
  13. Dusmet M, McKneally M. Pulmonary and thymic carcinoid tumours. World J. Surg. 1996;20:189–195
  14. Schreurs A, et al.  A twenty five year follow up of ninety-three resected typical carcinoid tumours of the lung. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1992;104:1470–1475
  15. Smolle-Juttner F, et al.  Clinical features and therapy of “typical” and “atypical” bronchial carcinoid tumours (grade 1 and grade 2 neuroendocrine carcinoma). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 1993;7:121–125
  16. Marty-Ane C, et al.  Carcinoid tumours of the lung: do atypical features require aggressive management. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1995;59:78–83
  17. Modlin I, et al.  Gastric carcinoids: the Yale experience. Arch. Surg. 1995;130:250–256
  18. Rindi G, et al.  Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J. Surg. 1996;20:168–172
  19. Bordi C, et al.  Gastric carcinoids and their precursor lesions. Cancer. 1991;67:663–672
  20. Thomas R, et al.  Gastric carcinoids: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 104 patients. Cancer. 1994;73:2053–2058
  21. Gough D, et al.  Diverse clinical and pathologic features of gastric carcinoid and the relevance of hypergastrinemia. World J. Surg. 1994;18:473–479
  22. Sjoblom S, et al.  Mucosal argyrophil endocrine cells in pernicious anemia and upper gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. J. Clin. Pathol. 1994;42:371–377
  23. Solcia E, et al.  Morphology and pathogenesis of endocrine hyperplasias, precarcinoid lesions, and carcinoids arising in chronic atrophic gastritis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1991;26(Suppl 180):146–159
  24. Rindi G, et al.  Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:994–1006
  25. Ahlman H, et al.  Clinical management of gastric carcinoid tumours. Digestion. 1994;55(Suppl 3):77–85
  26. Borch K, et al.  Gastric carcinoid associated with the syndrome of hypergastrinemic atrophic gastritis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1987;11:435–444
  27. Eckhauser F, et al.  Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. Surgery. 1988;104:1046–1053
  28. Hirschowitz BI, et al.  Rapid regression of enterochromaffinlike cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:1409–1418
  29. Tomassetti P, et al.  Treatment of type II gastric carcinoid tumours with somatostatin analogs. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;343:551–554
  30. Barclay T, Schapira D. Malignant tumours of the small intestine. Cancer. 1983;51:878–881
  31. Moertel C, et al.  Life history of the carcinoid tumour of the small intestine. Cancer. 1961;14:901–912
  32. Makridis C, et al.  Surgical treatment of mid-gut carcinoid tumours. World J. Surg. 1990;14:377–385
  33. Burke A, et al.  Carcinoids of the jejunum and ileum. Cancer. 1997;79:1086–1093
  34. Akerstrom G, Makridis C, Johansson H. Abdominal surgery in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours. Acta Oncol. 1991;30:547–553
  35. Eckhauser F, et al.  Mesenteric angiopathy, intestinal gangrene, and midgut carcinoids. Surgery. 1981;90:720–728
  36. Moertel C, Dockerty M, Judd E. Carcinoid tumours of the vermiform appendix. Cancer. 1968;21:270–278
  37. Roggo A, Wood W, Ottinger L. Carcinoid tumours of the appendix. Ann. Surg. 1993;217:385–390
  38. Anderson J, Wilson B. Carcinoid tumours of the appendix. Br. J. Surg. 1985;72:545–546
  39. Thirlby R, Casper C, Jones R. Metastatic carcinoid tumour of the appendix. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1984;27:42–46
  40. MacGillivray D, et al.  Distant metastases from a carcinoid tumour of the appendix less than one centimeter in size. Surgery. 1992;111:466–471
  41. Bowman G, Rosenthal D. Carcinoid tumours of the appendix. Am. J. Surg. 1983;146:700–703
  42. Syracuse D, et al.  Carcinoid tumours of the appendix: mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. Ann. Surg. 1979;190:58–63
  43. Pearlman D, Srinivasan K. Malignant carcinoid of the appendix. NY State J. Med. 1971;71:1529–1531
  44. Moertel C, et al.  Carcinoid tumours of the appendix: treatment and prognosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987;317:1699–1701
  45. Jetmore A, et al.  Rectal carcinoids: the most frequent carcinoid tumour. Dis. Colon Rectum. 1992;35:717–725
  46. Soga J. Carcinoids of the rectum: tumours of the carcinoid family-urgut endocrinomas. Acta Medica et Biologica. 1982;29:157–201
  47. Naunheim K, et al.  Rectal carcinoid tumours-treatment and prognosis. Surgery. 1983;94:670–676
  48. Sauven P, et al.  Anorectal carcinoid tumours: is aggressive surgery warranted. Ann. Surg. 1990;211:67–71
  49. Burke M, Shepherd N, Mann C. Carcinoid tumours of the rectum and anus. Br. J. Surg. 1987;74:358–361
  50. Koura A, et al.  Carcinoid tumours of the rectum: effect of size, histopathology, and surgical treatment on metastasis free survival. Cancer. 1997;79:1294–1298
  51. Oberg K, Eriksson B. Medical treatment of neuroendocrine gut and pancreatic tumours. Acta Oncol. 1989;28:425–431
  52. Service FJ, et al.  Functioning insulinoma–incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival of patients: a 60-year study. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1991;66(7):711–719
  53. Grant CS. Gastrointestinal endocrine tumours. Insulinoma. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 1996;10(4):645–671
  54. Whipple AO, Franz VK. Adenoma of islet cells with hyperinsulinism. Am. Surg. 1935;101:1299–1335
  55. Service FJ. Hypoglycemic disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995;332(17):1144–1152
  56. Goode PN, et al.  Diazoxide in the management of patients with insulinoma. World J. Surg. 1986;10(4):586–592
  57. Grant CS, et al.  Insulinoma. The value of intraoperative ultrasonography. Arch. Surg. 1988;123(7):843–848
  58. Pasieka JL, et al.  Surgical approach to insulinomas. Assessing the need for preoperative localization. Arch. Surg. 1992;127(4):442–447
  59. Anderson M, et al.  Endoscopic ultrasound is highly accurate and directs managment in patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2271–2277
  60. Menegaux F, et al.  Pancreatic insulinomas. Am. J. Surg. 1993;165(2):243–248
  61. Rosch T, et al.  Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumours by endoscopic ultrasonography. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;326(26):1721–1726
  62. O’Riordain DS, et al.  Surgical management of insulinoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. World J. Surg. 1994;18(4):488–493 discussion 493–4
  63. Demeure MJ, et al.  Insulinomas associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: the need for a different surgical approach. Surgery. 1991;110(6):998–1004 discussion 1004–5
  64. Frankton S, Bloom SR. Gastrointestinal endocrine tumours. Glucagonomas. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 1996;10(4):697–705
  65. Wermers RA, et al.  The glucagonoma syndrome. Clinical and pathologic features in 21 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996;75(2):53–63
  66. Horrobin DF, Cunnane SC. Interactions between zinc, essential fatty acids and prostaglandins: relevance to acrodermatitis enteropathica, total parenteral nutrition, the glucagonoma syndrome, diabetes, anorexia nervosa and sickle cell anaemia. Med. Hypotheses. 1980;6(3):277–296
  67. Roth E, et al.  Free amino acid levels in muscle and liver of a patient with glucagonoma syndrome. Metabolism. 1987;36(1):7–13
  68. Boden G. Insulinoma and glucagonoma. Semin. Oncol. 1987;14(3):253–262
  69. El Rassi Z, et al.  Necrolytic migratory erythema, first symptom of a malignant glucagonoma: treatment by long-acting somatostatin and surgical resection. Report of three cases. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;24(6):562–567
  70. Jockenhovel F, et al.  The long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide alleviates symptoms by reducing posttranslational conversion of prepro-glucagon to glucagon in a patient with malignant glucagonoma, but does not prevent tumour growth. Clin. Investig. 1994;72(2):127–133
  71. Edney JA, et al.  Glucagonoma syndrome is an underdiagnosed clinical entity. Am. J. Surg. 1990;160(6):625–628 discussion 628–9
  72. Verner JV, Morrison AB. Islet cell tumour and a syndrome of refractory watery diarrhea and hypokalemia. Am. J. Med. 1958;25:374–380
  73. Kane MG, O’Dorisio TM, Krejs GJ. Production of secretory diarrhea by intravenous infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983;309(24):1482–1485
  74. Said SI, Faloona GR. Elevated plasma and tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the watery-diarrhea syndrome due to pancreatic, bronchogenic and other tumours. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975;293(4):155–160
  75. Long RG, Bryant MG, et al.  Clinicopathological study of pancreatic and ganglioneuroblastoma tumours secreting vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIPomas). Br. Med. J. 1981;282:1767–1771
  76. Kraenzlin ME, et al.  Long-term treatment of a VIPoma with somatostatin analogue resulting in remission of symptoms and possible shrinkage of metastases. Gastroenterology. 1985;88(1 Pt 1):185–187
  77. Debas HT, Mulvihill SJ. Neuroendocrine gut neoplasms. Important lessons from uncommon tumours. Arch. Surg. 1994;129(9):965–971 discussion 971–2
  78. Rothmund M, Stinner B, Arnold R. Endocrine pancreatic carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 1991;17(2):191–199
  79. Park SK, O’Dorisio MS, O’Dorisio TM. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-secreting tumours: biology and therapy. Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol. 1996;10(4):673–696
  80. Zollinger RM, Ellisou EH. Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunun associates with islet cell tumours of pancrea. Ann Surg 1955; 142: 709–728
  81. Roy PK, et al.  Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Clinical presentation in 261 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(6):379–411
  82. Norton JA, Jensen RT. Unresolved surgical issues in the management of patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. World J. Surg. 1991;15(1):151–159
  83. Sugg SL, et al.  A prospective study of intraoperative methods to diagnose and resect duodenal gastrinomas. Ann. Surg. 1993;218(2):138–144
  84. Jensen RT. Should the 1996 citation for Zollinger–Ellison syndrome read: “Acid-reducing surgery in, aggressive resection out?”. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1996;91(6):1067–1070
  85. Wolfe MM, Jensen RT. Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Current concepts in diagnosis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987;317(19):1200–1209
  86. Frucht H, et al.  Secretin and calcium provocative tests in the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. A prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 1989;111(9):713–722
  87. Lambers CB, et al.  Omeprazole in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Effects of a single dose and of long-term treatment in patients resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonists. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984;310(12):758–761
  88. Frucht H, Maton PN, Jensen RT. Use of omeprazole in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1991;36(4):394–404
  89. Stabile BE, Morrow DJ, Passaro E. The gastrinoma triangle: operative implications. Am. J. Surg. 1984;147(1):25–31
  90. Fraker DL, et al.  Surgery in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome alters the natural history of gastrinoma. Ann. Surg. 1994;220(3):320–328 discussion 328–30
  91. de Kerviler E, et al.  Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in forty-eight patients with the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. GRESZE: Groupe d’Etude du Syndrome de Zollinger–Ellison. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1994;21(11):1191–1197
  92. Sheppard BC, et al.  Management of islet cell tumours in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia: a prospective study. Surgery. 1989;106(6):1108–1117 discussion 1117–8
  93. Cheslyn-Curtis S, Sitaram V, Williamson R. Management of non-functioning neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Br. J. Surg. 1993;80:625–627
  94. Matthews BD, et al.  Surgical experience with non-functioning neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Am. Surg. 2000;66(12):1116–1122
  95. Paladugu R, et al.  Bronchopulmonary Kulchitzky cell carcinomas. A new classification scheme for typical and atypical carcinoids. Cancer. 1985;55:1303–1311
  96. Attar S, et al.  Bronchial adenoma: a review of 51 patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1985;40(2):126–132

PII: S0305-7372(03)00072-0

doi: 10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00072-0

Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 363-370 , October 2003