Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 417-430 , October 2003

Radiotherapy-induced ear toxicity

  • Barbara A Jereczek-Fossa

      Affiliations

    • Division of Radiation Oncology of the European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Barbara A. Jereczek-Fossa MD, PhD, Department of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy. Tel.: 39-02-57489607. Fax: +39-02-57489036
    • ,
  • Andrzej Zarowski

      Affiliations

    • Medelec and Hearing Sciences Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium
    • ,
  • Franco Milani

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Medicine of the University of Milan, Italy
    • ,
  • Roberto Orecchia

      Affiliations

    • Division of Radiation Oncology of the European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
    • Faculty of Medicine of the University of Milan, Italy

References 

  1. Ho WK, Wei WI, Kwong DL, et al.  Long-term sensorineural hearing deficit following radiotherapy in patients suffering from nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study. Head Neck. 1999;21:547–553
  2. Kang HK, Bullman TA, Mahan CM. A mortality follow-up study of WW II submarines who received nasopharyngeal radium irradiation treatment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000;38:441–446
  3. Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet. Nasopharyngeal Radium Therapy. VA Office of Public Affairs News Service, Washington DC, Feb. 1999, www.va.gov
  4. Hempelmann LH, Hall WJ, Phillips M, et al.  Neoplasms in persons treated with X-rays in infancy: 4th survey in 20 years. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1975;55:519–530
  5. Sandler DP, Comstock GW, Matanoski GM. Neoplasms following childhood radium irradiation of the nasopharynx. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1982;68:3–8
  6. Verduijn PG, Hayes RB, Looman C, Habbema JD, van der Maas PJ. Mortality after nasopharyngeal radium irradiation for eustachian tube dysfunction. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1989;98:839–844
  7. Sataloff RT, Rosen DC. Effects of cranial irradiation on hearing acuity: a review of the literature. Am. J. Otol. 1994;15:772–780
  8. Borsanyi S, Blanchard C. Ionizing radiation and the ear. JAMA. 1962;181:958–961
  9. van Hasselt CA, Gibb AG. Related ear problems. In:  van Hasselt CA,  Gibb AG editor. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. 2nd ed.. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press; 1999;p. 297–308
  10. Ashamalla HL, Thom SR, Goldwein JW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of radiation-induced sequelae in children. The University of Pennsylvania experience. Cancer. 1996;77:2407–2412
  11. Lim JT. Irradiation of the pinna with superficial kilovoltage radiotherapy. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll Radiol.). 1992;4:236–239
  12. Silva JJ, Tsang RW, Panzarella T, et al.  Results of radiotherapy for epithelial skin cancer of the pinna: the Princess Margaret Hospital Experience, 1982–1993. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;47:451–459
  13. Debois JM, Huget P. Curietherapy of epithelioma of the external ear. A series of 140 patients. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Belg. 1989;43:239–250 (in Dutch)
  14. Mazeron JJ, Ghalie R, Zeller J, et al.  Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the pinna using iridium 192 wires: a series of 70 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1986;12:1757–1763
  15. Fitzpatrick PJ. Skin cancer of the head: treatment by radiotherapy. J. Otolaryngol. 1984;13:261–266
  16. Lovett RD, Perez CA, Shapiro SJ, et al.  External irradiation of epithelial skin cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1990;19:235–242
  17. Mendelhall WM, Parsons JT, Mendelhall NP, et al.  T2–T4 carcinoma of the skin of the head and neck treated with radical irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1987;13:975–981
  18. Petrovich Z, Parker RG, Luxton G, et al.  Carcinoma of the lip and selected sites of the head and neck skin: a clinical study of 896 patients. Radiother. Oncol. 1987;8:11–17
  19. Hayter CR, Lee KH, Groome PA, Brundage MD. Necrosis following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the pinna. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996;36:1033–1037
  20. Elwany S. Delayed ultrastructural radiation induced changes in the human mesotympanic middle ear mucosa. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1985;99:343–353
  21. Anteunis LJC, Wanders SL, Hendriks JJT, Manni JJ. A prospective longitudinal study on radiation-induced hearing loss. Am. J. Surg. 1994;168:408–411
  22. Gyorkey J, Pollock FJ. Radiation necrosis of ossicles. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1960;20:263–290
  23. Hyde NC, Bailey BM. Hearing loss associated with maxillectomy. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;38:283–288
  24. Kwong D, Wei W, Sham J, et al.  Sensorineural hearing loss in patients treated for nasopharyngeal cancer: a prospective study of the effect of radiation and cisplatin treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996;36:281–289
  25. Takasaki K, Hirsch BE, Sando I. Histopathologic study of the human eustachian tube and its surrounding structures following irradiation for carcinoma of the oropharynx. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:543–546
  26. Young YH, Cheng PW, Ko JY. A 10-year longitudinal study of tubal function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after irradiation. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:945–948
  27. Wilson WR, Byl FM, Laird N. The efficacy of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1980;106:772
  28. Bloch DB, San Martin JE, Rauch SD, et al.  Serum antibody to HSP70 in sensorineural hearing loss. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1167–1171
  29. Chen WC, Liao CT, Tsai HC, et al.  Radiation-induced hearing impairment in patients treated for malignant parotid tumour. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1999;108:1159–1164
  30. Raaijmakers E, Engelen AM. Is sensori-neural hearing-loss a possible side effect of nasopharyngeal and parotid irradiation? A systematic review of the literature. Radiother. Oncol. 2002;65:1–7
  31. Honore HB, Bentzen SM, Moller K, Grau C. Sensori-neural hearing loss after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: individualized risk estimation. Radiother. Oncol. 2002;65:9–16
  32. Grau C, Overgaard J. Postirradiation sensorineural hearing loss: a common but ignored late radiation complication. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996;36:515–517
  33. Johannesen TB, Rasmussen K, Winther FO, et al.  Late radiation effects on hearing, vestibular function, and taste in brain tumour patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;53:86–90
  34. Leach W. Irradiation of the ear. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1965;79:870–880
  35. Chang SD, Poen J, Hancock SL, et al.  Acute hearing loss following fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuroma. Report of two cases. J. Neurosurg. 1998;89:321–325
  36. Fuss M, Debus J, Lohr F, et al.  Conventionally fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) for acoustic neuromas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;48:1381–1387
  37. Ito K, Shin M, Matsuzaki M, et al.  Risk factors for neurological complications after acoustic neurinoma radiosurgery: refinement from further experiences. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;48:75–80
  38. Ogunrinde OK, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic nerve tumours in patients with useful preoperative hearing: Results at 2 -year follow-up examination. J. Neurosurg. 1994;80:1011–1017
  39. Gamble JE, Peterson EA, Chandler JR. Radiation effects on the inner ear. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1968;88:64–69
  40. Winther FO. X-ray irradiation of the inner ear of the guinea pig. Early degenerative changes in the vestibular sensory epithelia. Acta Otolaryngol. 1969;68:514–525
  41. Yang X, Lu Y, Chen Z. Delayed damage of ionizing radiation on the inner ear. Chung Hua Erh Pi Yen Hou Ko Tsa Chih. 1997;32:222–255 (in Chinese)
  42. Bohne BA, Marks JE, Glasgow GP. Delayed effects of ionizing radiation on the ear. Laryngoscope. 1985;95:818–828
  43. Sakamoto T, Shirato H, Takeichi N, et al.  Medication for hearing loss after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for vestibular schwannoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2001;50:1295–1298
  44. Hoistad DL, Ondrey FG, Mutlu C, et al.  Histopathology of human temporal bone after cis-platinum, radiation, or both. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1998;118:825–832
  45. Gibb AG, Loh KS. The role of radiation in delayed hearing loss in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2000;114:139–144
  46. Chao WY, Tseng HZ, Tsai ST. Caloric response and postural control in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Clin. Otolaryngol. 1998;23:25–30
  47. Gabriele P, Orecchia R, Magnano M, et al.  Vestibular apparatus disorders after external radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Radiat. Oncol. 1992;25:25–30
  48. Nishimura R, Baba Y, Murakami R, et al.  MR evaluation of radiation otomastoiditis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1997;39:155–166
  49. Schuknecht H, Karmodey CS. Radionecrosis of the temporal bone. Laryngoscope. 1966;76:1416–1428
  50. Sikand A, Longridge N. CSF otorrhea complicating osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. J. Otolaryngol. 1991;20:209–211
  51. Lim LH, Goh YH, Chan YM, et al.  Malignancy of the temporal bone and external auditory canal. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:882–886
  52. Green S, Weiss GR. Southwest Oncology Group standard response criteria, endopoint definitions and toxicity criteria. Invest. New Drugs. 1992;10:239–253
  53. Shotland LI, Ondrey FG, Mayo KA, Viner JL. Recommendations for cancer prevention trials using potentially ototoxic test agents. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001;19:1658–1663
  54. Gardner G, Robertson JH. Hearing preservation in unilateral neuroma surgery. Ann Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1988;97:55–66
  55. Petit JH, Hudes RS, Chen TT, et al.  Reduced-dose radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1299–1306
  56. Poen JC, Golby AJ, Forster KM, et al.  Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery and preservation of hearing in patients with vestibular schwannoma: a preliminary report. Neursurgery. 1999;45:1299–1305
  57. Sakamoto T, Shirato H, Takeichi N, et al.  Annual rate of hearing loss falls after fractionated stereotactic irradiation for vestibular schwannoma. Radiother. Oncol. 2001;60:45–48
  58. Shirato H, Sakamoto T, Tacheichi N, et al.  Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannoma (VS): comparison between cystic-type and solid-type VS. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;48:1395–1401
  59. Thomassin JM, Epron JP, Regis J, et al.  Preservation of hearing in acoustic neuromas treated by gamma knife surgery. Stereotact Funct. Neurosurg. 1998;70(Suppl. 1):74–79
  60. Umezu H, Aiba T, Tsuchida S, Seki Y. Early and late postoperative hearing preservation in patients with acoustic neuromas. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:267–272
  61. Williams JA. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas. Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;54:500–504
  62. Flickinger JC. What is the optimal dose and fractionation for stereotactic irradiation of acoustic neuromas?. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;54:311–312
  63. Karpinos M, Teh BS, Zeck O, et al.  Treatment of acoustic neuromas: stereotactic radiosurgery vs. microsurgery. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Oncol. Phys. 2002;54:1410–1421
  64. Ondrey FG, Greig JR, Herscher L. Radiation dose to otologic structures during head and neck cancer radiation therapy. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:217–221
  65. Balm AJ, Plaat BE, Hart AA, et al.  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: epidemiology and treatment outcome. Ned. Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1997;141:2346–2350 (in Dutch)
  66. Kew J, King AD, Leung SF, et al.  Middle ear effusions after radiotherapy: correlation with pre-radiotherapy nasopharyngeal tumour patterns. Am. J. Otol. 2000;21:782–785
  67. Morton RP, Woolons AC, McIvor NP. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and middle ear effusion: natural history and the effect of ventilation tubes. Clin. Otolaryngol. 1994;19:529–531
  68. Young YH, Lu YC. Mechanism of hearing loss in irradiated ears: a long-term longitudinal study. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2001;110:904–906
  69. Low WK, Fong KW. Long-term post-irradiation middle ear effusion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1998;25:319–321
  70. Lau SK, Wei WI, Sham JST, et al.  Early changes of auditory brain stem evoked response after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective study. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1992;106:887–892
  71. Cheng PW, Young YH, Lou PJ. Patolous eustachian tube in long-term survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1999;108:201–204
  72. Low WK, Goh YH. Uncommon otological manifestations of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1999;113:558–560
  73. Leighton SE, Kay R, Leung SF, et al.  Auditory brainstem responses after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Otolaryngol. 1997;22:350–354
  74. Chowdhury CR, Ho JH, Wright A, et al.  Prospective study of the effects of ventilation tubes on hearing after radiotherapy for carcinoma of nasopharynx. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1988;97:142–145
  75. Singh IP, Slevin NJ. Late audiovestibular consequences of radical radiotherapy to the parotid. Clin. Oncol. 1991;3:217–219
  76. Greenberg HS, Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ, Wang S. Adult medulloblastoma: multiagent chemotherapy. Neuro-oncology. 2001;3:29–34
  77. Suh JH, Barnett GH, Sohn JW, et al.  Results of linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent and newly diagnosed acoustic neuromas. Int. J. Cancer. 2000;29:145–151
  78. Andrews DW, Suarez O, Goldman HW, et al.  Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of acoustic schwannomas: comparative observations of 125 patients treated at one institution. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2001;50:1265–1278
  79. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, McLaughlin MR, et al.  Long-term outcomes after radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998;339:1426–1433
  80. Miller RC, Foote RL, Coffey RJ, et al.  Decrease in cranial nerve complications after radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas: a prospective study of dose and volume. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999;43:305–311
  81. Vermeulen S, Young R, Posewitz A, et al.  Stereotactic radiosurgery toxicity in the treatment of intracanalicular acoustic neuromas: the Seattle Northwest gamma knife experience. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 1998;70(Suppl 1):80–88
  82. Lederman G, Lowry J, Wertheim S, et al.  Acoustic neuroma: potential benefits of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. Sterotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 1997;69:175–182
  83. Poen JC, Golby AJ, Forster KM, et al.  Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery and preservation of hearing in patients with vestibular schwannoma: a preliminary report. Neursurgery. 1999;45:1299–1305
  84. Nakamura JL, Verhey LJ, Smith V, et al.  Dose conformity of gamma knife radiosurgery and risk factors for complications. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2001;51:1313–1319
  85. Plowman PN. Post-radiation sensorineural hearing loss. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;52:589–591
  86. Jackson C, Doyle KJ, Shohet J, Robinson J. Neurotologic follow-up after radiation of posterior fossa tumours. Am. J. Otol. 2000;21:260–264
  87. Mabanta SR, Buatti JM, Friedman WA, et al.  Linear accelerator radiosurgery for nonacoustic schwannomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999;43:543–548
  88. Mallucci CL, Ward V, Carney AS, et al.  Clinical features and outcomes in patients with non-acoustic cerebellopontine angle tumours. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1999;66:768–771
  89. Wallner KE, Pitts LH, Davis RL, et al.  Radiation therapy for the treatment of non-eight nerve intracranial neurilemmoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1988;14:287–290
  90. Pollock BE, Foote RL, Stafford SL. Stereotactic radiosurgery: the preferred management for patients with nonvestibular schwannomas?. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;52:1002–1007
  91. Miettinen S, Laurikainen E, Johansson R, Minn H, Laurell M, Salmi TT. Radiotherapy enhanced ototoxicity of cisplatin in children. Acta Otolaryngol. 1997;529(Suppl):90–94
  92. Huang E, Teh BS, Strother DR, et al.  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for paediatric medulloblastoma: early report on the reduction of ototoxicity. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002;52:599–605
  93. Lin R, Hug EB, Schaefer RA, et al.  Conformal proton radiation therapy of the posterior fossa: a study comparing protons with three-dimensional planned photons in limiting dose to auditory structures. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;48:1219–1226
  94. Young YH, Sheen TS. Preservation of tubal function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, post-irradiation. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118:280–283
  95. Grau C, Moller K, Overgaard M. Sensorineural hearing loss in patients treated with irradiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1991;21:723–728
  96. Schot LJ, Hilgers FJM, Keus RB, Schouwebeurg PF, Dreschler WA. Late effetc of radiotherapy on hearing. Eur. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;249:305–308
  97. Strohm M, Ahlemann LM, Bohringer WK. Damage to inner ear function caused by the effect of ionizing rays. HNO. 1985;33:26–29 (in German)
  98. Linskey M, Lunsford L, Flickinger JC, et al.  Stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuroma. Neurosurg. Clin. North Am. 1992;3:191–205
  99. Paulino AC, Narayana A, Mohideen MN, Jeswani S. Posterior fossa boost in medulloblastoma: an analysis of doses to surrounding structures using 3-dimensional (conformal) radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000;46:281–286
  100. Fukunaga-Johnson N, Sandler HM, Marsch R, et al.  The use of 3D conformal radiotehrapy (3D CRT) to spare the cochlea in patients with medulloblastoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998;41:77–82
  101. Evans RA, Liu KC, Azar T, Symonds RP. Assessment of permanent hearing impairment following radical megavoltage radiotherapy. J. Laryngol. Otol. 1988;102:588–589
  102. ISO standard No. 7029:1984: Acoustics – threshold of hearing by air conduction as a function of age and sex for otologically normal persons. In: ISO Central Secretariat, editor. ISO Standards Handbook: Acoustics. Vol. 1: General aspects of acoustics; methods of noise measurement in general; noise with respect to human beings. 2nd edn., 1995
  103. Zarowski A, Offeciers FE, Skarzynski H. Surgery-related problems in cochlear implantations. Centr. East Eur. J. ORL Head Neck. Surg. 1996;1:336–343
  104. Jereczek-Fossa BA, Orecchia R. Radiotherapy-induced mandibular bone complications. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2002;28:65–74
  105. Chao WY, Leung HW. Effects of irradiation on the rat middle ear mucosa: a scanning electron microscopic study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;252:244–248
  106. Chen CY, Young YH, Hsu WC, Hsu MM. Failure of grommet insertion in post-irradiation otitis media with effusion. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2001;110:746–748
  107. Bluestone CD. Otitis media and related conditions. In: 1st ed..  English GM editors. Otolaryngology. vol. 1:Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company; 1994;p. 24–26
  108. Minoda R, Masuyama K, Habu K, Yumoto E. Initial steroid hormone dose in the treatment of idiopathic sudden deafness. Am. J. Otol. 2000;21:819–825
  109. Sakamoto T, Shirato H, Satoh N, et al.  Audiological assessment before and after fractionated stereotactic irradiation STI for acoustic neuroma. Radiother. Oncol. 1998;49:185–190
  110. Aslan I, Oysu C, Veyseller B, Baserer N. Does the addition of hyperbaric oxygen to the conventional treatment modalities influence the outcome of sudden deafness?. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2002;126:121–126
  111. Fattori B, Berrettini S, Casani A, et al.  Sudden hypoacusis treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a controlled study. Ear Nose Throat J. 2001;80:655–660
  112. Kestler M, Strutz J, Heiden C. Hyperbaric oxygenation in early treatment of sudden deafness. HNO. 2001;49:719–723 (in German)
  113. Formanek M, Czerny C, Gstoettner W, Kornfehl J. Cochlear implantation as a successful rehabilitation of radiation-induced deafness. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;255:175–178
  114. Marangos N, Stecker M, Sollmann WP, Laszig R. Stimulation of the cochlear nucleus with multichannel auditory brainstem implants and long-term results: Freiburg patients. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2000;27(Suppl):27–31
  115. Shannon RV, Fayad J, Moore JK, et al.  Auditory brainstem implant: II. Postsurgical issues and performance. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1993;108:634–642
  116. Slattery III WH, Brackmann DE. Results of surgery following stereotactic irradiation for acoustic neuromas. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 1995;16:315–319
  117. Kalamarides M, Grayeli AB, Bouccara D, et al.  Heraing restoartion with auditory brainstem implants after radiosurgery for neurofibromatosis type 2. J. Neurosurg. 2001;95:1028–1033
  118. Peeters S, Van Immerseel L, Zarowski A, et al.  New developments in cochlear implants. Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Belg. 1998;52:115–127
  119. David LA, Sandor GK, Evans AW, Brown DH. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and mandibular osteoradionecrosis: a retrospective study and analysis of treatment outcomes. J. Can Dent Assoc. 2001;67:384
  120. Yuen PW, Wei WI. Tympanomastoidectomy for chronic suppurative otitis media of irradiated ears of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J. Otolaryngol. 1994;23:302–304
  121. Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC, Maitz A, et al.  Dose reduction improves hearing preservation rates after intracanalicular acoustic tumour radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:753–762
  122. Cohen BH, Zweidler P, Goldwein JW, et al.  Ototoxic effects of cisplatin in children with brain tumours. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 1990;16:292–296
  123. Ilveskoski I, Saarinen UM, Wiklund T, et al.  Ototoxicity in children with malignant brain tumours treated with the “8 in 1” chemotherapy protocol. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1996;27:26–31
  124. Walker DA, Pillow J, Waters KD, Keir E. Enhanced cis-platinum ototoxicity in children with brain tumours who have received simultaneous or prior cranial irradiation. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1989;17:48–52
  125. Subach BR, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, et al.  Stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of acoustic neuromas associated with neurofibromatosis Type 2. J. Neurosurg. 1999;90:815–822
  126. Moretti JA. Sensori-neural hearing loss following radiotherapy to the nasopharynx. Laryngoscope. 1976;86:598–602

PII: S0305-7372(03)00066-5

doi: 10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00066-5

Cancer Treatment Reviews
Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 417-430 , October 2003

Article Tools